Bulletin

Homelessness is a violation of human dignity that affects countries around the world because of increasingly diverse social and economic factors.[1] Homelessness can be characterized by “extreme poverty, social exclusion, and a lack of access to basic services.”[2] In 2016, U.N. Habitat stated that 1.6 billion people live in inadequate housing.[3] Based on a drastic … Read more

From Billie Jean King in 1973 to the Women’s National Soccer Team today, the gender pay and opportunity gap in American sports has stood stubbornly against legislation meant to prevent it.1 Now, as American basketball player Brittney Griner’s story unfolds, this persistence may be growing beyond a mere domestic nuisance and into an international nightmare.2 … Read more

Across Italy, young Italians migrate from the countryside to urban centers in search of more lucrative job markets, forcing rural towns to struggle with the repercussions of a decades-long depopulation trend.[1] Now, municipalities must strategize to address the abandoned and often derelict buildings people are leaving behind, while also tackling the root cause—depopulation.[2] In 2017, … Read more

The EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) mandates that personal data may only be transferred to a third country for processing if that country’s laws give EU subjects adequate protection.[1] Without this protection, data transfers to a third country are considered unlawful.[2] The GDPR authorizes four lawful ways for a transfer of personal data to … Read more

South Africa is recognized as a frontrunner in protecting the rights of both “gender refugees” and asylum seekers. The term “gender refugee” refers to “people who can make claims to refugee status, fleeing their countries of origin based on the persecution of their gender identity.”[1] A gender refugee has likely faced persecution or violence in … Read more

  In July 2022, the European Parliament approved nuclear energy as “green” in its continued effort to make European Union climate neutral by 2050.[1] Not incidentally, the approval came as Europe was facing the harsh reality of its gross energy dependence on volatile Russia that invaded Ukraine a few months earlier.[2]  Ultimately, the approval was … Read more

“The issue of the death penalty is associated with two fundamental human rights norms: the right to life and the protection against cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishments.”[1] Currently, more than 70 percent of the world’s countries have abolished the death penalty; however, international law does not prohibit the death penalty, even though most countries consider … Read more

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In response to the devastation occasioned by the Second World War and the looming threat of Communism led by the Soviet Union with its new stronghold in West Berlin, the United States sought to help rebuild Europe via the Marshall Plan, but the Plan alone was not enough.[1] Vulnerable European governments were already struggling to … Read more

Prior to Russia’s physical invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, there were blatant incursions into Ukraine that began spreading chaos before a single bomb fell. These incursions came about in cyberspace, as Russian hackers attacked systems belonging to Ukrainian agencies, banks, and Ukraine’s defense ministry.[1],[2] In addition to shutting down sites, hackers added messages … Read more